Ielts writing task one. Paraphrase the first sentence of the prompt.

You will need a full 40 mins for task 2. Task 1 should take you 20 minutes, leaving 40 minutes for task 2. Paraphrase the question sentence. ielts-cambridge-18-test-1-task-1. Typically, a single pie chart question is straightforward and relatively easy to group the information; We just need to look at each segment and figure out how much of a percentage each segment makes up. After looking at a number of bar charts to identify the main trends / key features, students will then have practice of writing their own overviews. On IELTS Task 1, you’ll write a report based on two visuals (think: charts and graphs ). This will be part of writing task 1, a section in which you might normally expect to encounter a line graph, bar chart, or table. General training: Task 1 for the general training module consists of letters or other personal communication. Sample answer. The line graph illustrates the proportion of urban citizens in Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia between 1970 and 2020, with the expected population in 2030 and 2040. Video about Difficult Maps for IELTS Analyze the question. In fact, more students fail IELTS Writing because of Task 1 than Task 2. Apr 19, 2024 · In the IELTS Writing Task 1, you are required to describe a graph, chart, table, or diagram in your own words. …. G. Number of Furthermore, IELTS Writing Task 1 accounts for only roughly 30% of your overall IELTS Writing score . You will need to manage your own time, so make sure you move on to Task 2 after 20 minutes. In the lessons below you will learn about word count and essay length. If the line graph contains many lines and a lot of movement, be selective. Nov 16, 2017 · Line graphs are very common in IELTS academic task 1 writing. 3. In this Listening test sample , you will hear four different recordings. IELTS Reading and Listening, Writing Task 1 Key Information. The IELTS academic exam writing task 1 consists of 6 types of charts such as process diagrams, maps, bar charts, pie charts, tables, or line graphs. Occasionally you will have a diagram or a flow chart and will need to describe the stages of the Jun 30, 2024 · A one more request is that , I want to re-write one of the writing tasks (actually Task 1 ) you have posted but in my own words and I would like you to check it with me to assess my band score before attacking the IELTS test. Aim for about 160-190 words. Before starting the first practice task, you might like to set an alert to make sure you don’t go too far over. IELTS Writing Task 2. Your recommended time limit for this task is 40 minutes, and the task takes up 2/3 (66%) of your score. We know they are part of your coherence and cohesion score when you are graded. Elevate your test preparation today! Mar 17, 2021 · One thing is the “general trend” sentence. This comprehensive guide breaks down the different question types in the Writing Task 1 section, including graphs, bar charts, pie charts, tables, and maps. Spend 20 minutes on Task 1, and 40 minutes on Task 2. Start your Academic Writing IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 is a description task. Make sure you compare as much as possible. In the real IELTS General Training Writing test, you will have one hour to complete both of the two set writing tasks. S1: There was a steady rise in the number of computers sold between 2001 and 2003. Compare and contrast key features of the visuals. In IELTS writing task 2, you will need to write a traditional style essay in response to a question. In this lesson you will learn how to describe a line graph in IELTS Academic Writing task 1. Bar charts usually have two main features that you need to notice – the comparison of two or more units or numbers in the same year, or charts that show changes over a period of time. IELTS recommend you spend no more than 40 mins on writing task 2. To practice writing under timed conditions: The IELTS writing checker can simulate the conditions of the actual exam by giving you a prompt and a time limit to complete your essay. You should spend about 20 minutes on task 1. Let's take a look at some examples of how to use these structures to describe a line graph. 2) You have around 20 minutes to plan and write your essay. As you probably know, IELTS writing task 1 essays require a sentence that gives the general trend of a chart or table. Too much detail lowers your score. IELTS writing task 2 is worth only about Step 1. The writing section of the test lasts for 60 minutes in total, and you should dedicate. In IELTS Academic Writing Task 1, you will be shown a diagram, a visual way to represent information. Free online IELTS exam Academic Writing task 1 practice test paper & study material. In your IELTS Academic Writing Task 1, you will be given with one or more graph (s) (i. Writing Task 2 = band score 6. In this lesson, we will look at a Model Answer for CO2 emissions for 4 European countries and an analysis. The working week should be shorter and workers should have a longer weekend. Learn how to write a summary or a letter for IELTS Writing Task 1 with this comprehensive guide. You will see the answer structure, tips, vocabulary and band 9 a Jan 30, 2015 · Tips for an IELTS bar chart in writing task 1: finding key features, paragraph content: (introduction, overview and body paragraphs) and how to write complex The Ultimate Guide to IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 - YouTube. Make the examiner happy!Rating: 4. Practise for your General Training IELTS Writing test. Jan 10, 2024 · Here is the basic structure of an IELTS Writing Task 1 essay: Introduction: Paraphrase the information in your question. In 1945 only 30% of women completed their secondary education and 1% went on to a first degree. This might sound easy, but it's easy to make a mistake if you're not sure what you're doing. Sample Academic Writing Part 1. The good news is that you can quickly learn how to write a Task 1 essay. Write at least 150 words. Either you will be given one pie chart and some other form of data (line graph, table, etc) or you will be given several pie charts. This task tests your ability to select and report the main features, to The total time allowed for the IELTS Academic Writing test is 60 minutes. The model answer below is for IELTS writing task 1 academic paper. To improve your band score in the IELTS Academic Writing Task 1, you can use the 7-step strategy, which is a great idea. For IELTS Writing Task 2, you must write Sep 29, 2015 · In other words, writing task 2 is about 60% of your marks and writing task 1 is about 30%. Dù là dạng nào thì thí sinh cũng nên mô tả các đặc điểm IELTS Cambridge 19 Test 2. With this powerful assessment tool at your fingertips, you can confidently hone your writing skills and achieve your desired IELTS score. Feb 10, 2023 · IELTS Task 1 Writing is often overlooked by students. Subscribed. The letter may be personal, semi-formal or formal in style. ”. However, there are so many connectors and it is not always clear which type you should use. 20 minutes of your time to task 1. Write the number of words required: You need to have at least 150 words in the IELTS Writing Task 1. Writing Test PDF Download. Write Body paragraph 2. Don’t rush into answering the writing question without reading it carefully beforehand! For part one, whatever task you may be given (chart, process or maps), the task usually asks you to summarize, select and make comparisons. Verbs & nouns. A task 1 pie chart will more than likely be presented in two forms. IELTS Academic Writing Task 1. Two thirds of the points come from Task 2. You are being marked on your ability to select key features. Follow the 4 paragraph structure. Find out how to paraphrase, structure, check and improve your writing skills with examples and videos. Jun 28, 2017 · Learn how to describe Pie Charts in IELTS to receive a band 9. The questions in the Academic Writing test are different from those in the General Training Writing test. It can be clearly seen that women received a much higher level of education in Someland in 1995 than they did in 1945. by Dave | Sample Answers | 4 Comments. May 11, 2021 · IELTS Writing Task 1 Academic Topics 2021. Vocabulary for Accurate Data in Writing Task 1. Learn what you've been missing: the very specific requirements of Task 1 & 2. The graph below shows the production levels of main fuels in a Writing Task 1. In the General Training IELTS, you write a letter in response to a certain situation. If you want to prepare for the IELTS Writing Test, these questions are a must study. Writing task 1. Introducing the Ultimate IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 Report Checker: Instant, Accurate, and Free! Look at below charts for examples of vocabulary that you can use to describe trends in IELTS writing task 1. Total Writing Score = 6. Over 11,000 institutions around the world accept IELTS. Take one task 1 score and two task 2 scores and divide by 3. Road, Gurugram -122002 Haryana, India. Check out our blog for the complete task: https://blog. Jul 16, 2024 · Multiple Task Tips for Writing Task 1. Time yourself and allow just one hour to complete both parts of the test. That's why I made this guide to help you get this tricky section right the first time. 1) You are required to write 150 words or more. Mar 19, 2021 · How to Use Linking Words for IELTS Writing Task 1. e. Dec 14, 2021 · Note that your IELTS Writing section consists of two tasks. 475K views 8 months ago LONDON. In the actual IELTS Academic Writing test, you will have one hour to complete the two questions or tasks: 20 minutes for the first task and 40 minutes for the second. Begin writing about the data for the first categories. For example: - if the year is before the present year (i. In Task 1, you are required to write a report based on a given visual representation such as a graph, chart, table, or diagram. 0 score. Apr 12, 2019 · Join Alex as she walks you through how to analyse, plan and write an Academic Task 1 with 2 charts. When you are preparing for the IELTS exam, it can be easy to feel overwhelmed by connecting words, also known as cohesive devices. 🚀 FASTRACK IELTS COURSES Prepare for your Jun 18, 2022 · IELTS TASK 1 Working correctly with numbers. For example, you might have to write: a request for information. The video tutorial below explains why it is important to give accurate data when describing a chart in and provides a range of flexible vocabulary to help you achieve a better score. Dec 7, 2023 · The chart shows the employment status of adults in the US in 2003 and 2013. The second task is more demanding. Because there is a lot of information, you must be careful not to get lost in too much detail. READ MORE >>. Using the right vocabulary to present data in IELTS writing task 1 is essential if you are aiming for a high score. Below the model is a link to a video lesson about how to describe an IELTS bar chart. Writing task 1 is worth 40% of your overall score for the writing component. Jun 17, 2022 · Timing and Word Count. 1. It is advised that you write 170 – 190 words. There are two tasks in the Writing section of IELTS: Task 1 requires you to write 150 words describing a diagram or set of data; Task 2 is a discursive essay of 250 words. You are scored on the basis of your comprehension of the Academic Module: IELTS Writing Task 1 for the academic module is a data analysis task. Section 2 should take 40 minutes, with at least 250 words. Write 150 words or more. Don’t leave anything out! 1. While you shouldn’t put yourself under too much pressure when practicing, it IELTS Preparation: Writing Task One and Two. . Thanks a lot in advance for your guidance and support. This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 6. To check your answers, check the "Downloads" section at the bottom of the page. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Learn the requirements of Writing Task 1. Failure to do so will lead to a lower band score. You are expected to produce a written argument on a given topic and to organise Today we will take a closer look at IELTS Academic Writing Task 1, task achievement, and the features you need to include in your response to get band 7 or above. You should complete section 1 in 20 minutes, and write at least 150 words. You can instead highlight a significant change or try to capture the gist of the differences. The prompt for Task 1 is accompanied by a sentence that describes the image. The examiner will use four criteria to score your response: task achievement, coherence and cohesion, lexical resource, & grammatical range and accuracy. Use only official IELTS material when doing practice tests as there is a lot of fake IELTS material out there on the web. 66. The graphs below show the percentage of men and women aged 60-64 who were employed in four countries in 1970 and 2000. The graph below shows the population of India and China from the year 2000 to the present day with projections for We looked at the first two, Task Achievement and Cohesion and Coherence, on the Task 1 overview page ( IELTS Academic Writing Task 1) and it’s now time to focus on Vocabulary. You should spend 20 minutes doing IELTS Writing Task 1. Sometimes, in the IELTS exam, you are asked to explain a Line graph. Learn skills and techniques for writing an If the line graph contains many lines and a lot of movement, be selective. In Task 1 you must write at least 150 words. Get experience of the IELTS on computer Academic Writing test with the two different types of example questions below. By focusing on one aspect of Academic Task 1, the overview, this lesson develops students' ability to select key information to form the basis of this essential element in their response. There are also some tips given below to guide you and help you understand how to describe this type of graph. First, look at the title given and the x and y axes to see if there are any dates used. IELTS Writing General Training Task 1. For each question, click on the link and follow the instructions. One of the most common mistakes in task Aug 16, 2023 · IELTS Writing Task 1 is one of the two writing tasks in the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) exam, which is used to assess the English language proficiency of non-native English speakers. This video will show you the c There are three very basic rules that you should follow when determining which tense to use. The plans below show a harbour in 2000 and how it looks today. Ideally, try to write between 170 and 180 words. The IELTS line graph shows how data changes over time. In this lesson you'll see: - sample question - step-by-step guide to write a band 9 answer - u The IELTS Academic Writing test is made up of two tasks, Writing Task 1 and Writing Task 2. In this section, you will have to describe a diagram. 1999), use the past tense. These are processes and diagrams that I’ve collected over the years from real past IELTS exams and other practice materials. The pie charts compare the highest level of education achieved by women in Someland across two years, 1945 and 1995. Writing task 1 is different for Academic and General IELTS, but Writing task 2 is the same for both modules. You must write 150 words or more. Don’t write under the word count. This question below is my band nine answer for a fairly famous task one question. However, the time is yours to manage as you wish. For example, the prompt in the image above begins with, “This chart below shows the number of men and women in further education in Britain in three periods and whether they are studying full-time or part-time 🔥Welcome to your Ultimate Guide to IELTS Task 1 Writing Academic!🔥If you're a beginner, we've got you covered. Check back soon for our guide to the general version of Aug 5, 2019 · IELTS Writing Task 1 deals with topics that are of general interest. Learn the best vocabulary to describe numbers and percentages accurately in your IELTS writing task 1 academic paper. Task 2. Let’s break it down: Dec 22, 2022 · Biểu đồ Map (Bản đồ) Cách viết dạng bài Writing IELTS Task 1 - Map sẽ chú trọng miêu tả sự phát triển, thay đổi của một khu dân cư, địa điểm hoặc địa điểm cụ thể trong một khoảng thời gian xác định. There are two tasks: Task 1, where you will be presented with a situation and will be asked to write a letter requesting information, or explaining the situation. Preparing for the IELTS Writing Task 1 can be challenging, but with consistent practice and proper Feb 9, 2024 · Take 20 minutes to complete the letter-writing task. write in a formal style; write at least 150 words; Writing task 2 Write at least 150 words. The IELTS exam is commonly required for study, work, or immigration purposes in English-speaking countries. In the final year surveyed, adult fiction surged to 45% and children’s fiction ticked up slightly to 25%. Aug 7, 2022 · IELTS task one is the first part of your writing exam. Once you’ve finished, keep scrolling to find out why it would get a band nine and for some extra tips. Here are the IELTS processes and diagrams! IELTS general writing task 1 sample: You will be graduating from university and would like to invite your family to the ceremony. You will be given a line graph, a bar chart, a pie chart, or a table, and you are tested on your ability to interpret the information that is presented in it and describe this in your own words. Feb 1, 2022 · Check out this full Band 9 sample answer to an IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 topic reported in one of the recent exams (a line graph + table). 99. You’ll need connecting words for IELTS Task 1 to: Transition from a description of one visual to a description of the other. You need to describe a graph, chart, table, diagram, layout or map. You should write over 250 words. I’ll make sure you know exactly what to do in the exam. Write an Overview paragraph. IELTS TASK 1 Using Compare and Contrast language. Body paragraph 2: Describe and compare specific data and IELTS Task 1: Processes/Diagrams. In Task 2 you will be asked to write an essay in Jul 9, 2019 · In the IELTS writing exam, you may be required to describe a process diagram. bar, column, line or pie), table, flowchart, map or process diagram and you need to summarise the main information, compare data, show contrasts and trends, identify significant trends and describe a process. So, you should expect to spend a little longer on practice Task 2 than you did on practice Task 1. Yêu cầu của đề thi là viết báo cáo theo một trong các dạng sau: Biểu đồ (cột, đường, tròn), bảng biểu, cách thức (quá trình) hoặc bản đồ. Leave 2-3 minutes, in the end, to double-check the letter for spelling and grammar errors. Explore IELTS Academic Writing task 1 sample question types to achieve band 9 score. Similar decreases in spending were seen for apparel and footwear (down from 10% Join the LIVE CLASS with Jay from E2Language! He will take you through the top 8 no, wait the top 9 tips to scoring highly in IELTS Academic Writing 📚 Learn how to approach and complete IELTS Writing Task 1 in one hour, with 150 words and a formal style. Write a letter of invitation to your parents. Discover our AI-driven IELTS Writing Task 2 Essay Checker for instant, accurate, and free online correction and evaluation of your essays. By 2018, just around 50% of weekly food expenditures remained, down from a rate of 35%. You must complete both tasks in one hour and you will be give a score of 0-9 on these four attributes: Task Achievement, Coherence and Cohesion, Grammar, and Vocabulary. Task 2 contributes twice as much as task 1 to the Writing score. IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 Bar Chart with sample answers. Oct 16, 2022 · Connectors for IELTS Writing Task One. This section requires you to write a letter, usually in response to a given situation or request. 10K. IELTS Writing Task 2 Test Information. Question 1. This guide is for the academic version of the test. The chart below shows the average daily minimum and maximum levels of two air pollutants in four big cities in 2000 IELTS Academic Bar Chart. May 31, 2021 · This task will either be handwritten or completed on computer, depending on what format of the IELTS you take. 2. And in General Writing task 1 you have to write a letter to someone. Oct 12, 2021 · Write at least 150 words. Summarize the IELTS Practice – prepare for IELTS examination. You are expected to write a descriptive report of at least 150 words on the information provided. This line graph comes from Cambridge IELTS 11 academic. Describing a process diagram might fill you with fear, but you shouldn’t worry too much. The bar chart illustrates how many children, divided by gender, played six kinds of sports Jul 7, 2024 · A typical household spent between 6% and 9% of weekly income on other costs, while spending exactly 10% of their income individually on housing, and “clothing and footwear”. 6 (14) Academic Writing test. Try not to go over 200 words. For a full introduction to formatting, timing, and scoring, check out “ The Basic Facts of IELTS Writing Task 2 . 5. This lesson gives you tips on the types of tenses you should know for the various types of task you could be given. Learn about your IELTS writing task 2 test. Overview: Give a general overview (What are the main points? Don’t include any specific details) Body paragraph 1: Describe and compare specific data and details. Travel and children’s fiction grew by 3% and 2%, respectively. Fastrack IELTS. Use this sample writing as a template for structure, key features and language for any IELTS line graph. While it’s essential to accurately convey the key information presented in the visual, it’s equally important to use appropriate connectors for Writing Task 1 in order to link your ideas and create a coherent and well-structured Mar 5, 2024 · A IELTS process chart is a graphical/pictorial illustration of a cycle or a sequence of events that occur in a process. In academic task 1, there must be an IELTS Sample Charts (IELTS Writing Task 1) The Writing Task 1 of the IELTS Academic test requires you to write a summary of at least 150 words in response to a particular graph (bar, line or pie graph), table, chart, or process (how something works, how something is done). Oct 19, 2015 · Improve and develop your IELTS Writing Task 1 for line graphs, bar charts, tables, diagrams, maps and pie charts. Global Gateway Towers, Tower-B, 5th Floor, Sikanderpur Ghosi, Sector-26, M. Read what happens if you go below the word count. Task 1 Quizzes. 71M subscribers. Download sample answers, model answers and actual answer sheets to improve your skills. Don’t spend more than 20 mins on task 1. One of these visual representations may be pie charts. Tips for Improving Your IELTS Academic Writing Score The IELTS General Writing Task 1 is an important component of the IELTS exam, assessing your ability to communicate effectively in written English. Write Body paragraph 1. If so, you can use the dates given, to help you choose what tense to write in. Task one needs to be written in 150 words whereas task 2 asks for at least 250 words. Tenses for graphs, processes, and maps. This model line graph for IELTS is estimated at band score 9. Skyrocket your IELTS band score by 1-2 points in under a month with our premium plan! Check it out. Try to only spend 20 minutes on the IELTS Writing task, as Writing task 2 consists of more weightage, and you need to write at least 250 Jul 24, 2022 · IELTS Line Graph Band Nine Sample Answer. In IELTS Task 1, a description of 150 words is required as an answer to the graph, table, diagram, or letter provided. Feb 8, 2024 · Let’s take a step-by-step approach to Writing Task 1 preparation: 1. In IELTS academic writing task 1, you are presented with a graph, table, chart or diagram and asked to describe, summarise or explain the information in your own words. Whenever the IELTS Academic Writing task 1 asks you to elucidate a process chart, you are expected to depict the chart and explain the sequence provided in the chart. Familiarise yourself with the IELTS Writing exams with these free online IELTS Writing practice tests, each with answers to assess your ability. The Chart Below Shows the Number of Households in the US by Their Annual Income. IELTS TASK 1 Increase your band score with Adjectives/Adverbs. Example of IELTS Writing Scoring: For example: Writing task 1 = band score 8. Step 1: Analyse the chart (s) and plan how to group the information. You can calculate your own score: 8 + 6 + 6 = 20/3 = 6. If you want to stay up to date with all my Ebooks, they are here. The test is in four parts, with 40 questions in total. If you write less than 150 words, you are unlikely to get more than a Band 5 for ’task achievement’ as you won’t have fulfilled the marking criteria. However, there is no such thing for maps. Paraphrase the first sentence of the prompt. Task 1. You should write between 150 to 200 words and Use this tool to complement your study, but not as a substitute for professional assessment or official IELTS grading. An IELTS writing bar chart, also known as a bar graph, is something you may encounter in writing task 1 of the IELTS academic exam. See samples of the IELTS academic writing task 1. Feb 27, 2024 · The IELTS writing task 1 is one of the two tasks in the IELTS Academic and General Training tests. Read my essay here. Make sure each paragraph contains a clear and developed topic with a minimum of two sentences. They always look much more difficult than they Jul 11, 2024 · In IELTS Writing task 1 of the academic section, there will be a visual representation or a diagram on which you have to write a paragraph. The reason is that IELTS writing task 1 requires comparing and contrasting data. Check pdf 1 and pdf 2 for an idea of how your writing exam question paper would look like. 2) Key vocabulary for Academic IELTS Task 1: Adjectives & adverbs. IELTS Writing test lasts 1 hour and consists of 2 parts: task 1 and task 2. Identify the major features. Overall, it can be easily seen that Writing Task 1: The percentage of men and women aged 60-64 who were employed in four countries in 1970 and 2000. Rebecca Teaches. Task 1 for general training is at the bottom of this page. In the IELTS Writing test, there are a variety of question types you can expect. The Charts Below Give Information on the Location and Types of Dance Classes. Feb 24, 2023 · IELTS Writing Task 1 chiếm khoảng 1/3 tổng số điểm của phần thi Writing. 4. S2: The figure increased steadily between from 2001 to 2003. For IELTS Writing Task 1, you must write at least 150 words, and we advise you to devote no more than 20 minutes to it. In the first part, you are given a task based on some graphic or pictorial information. Before taking the test, it is important to fully understand what the task expects you to do: “Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. When describing visual depictions or letters, the ratings are focused not Apr 12, 2021 · Understanding Pie Charts for Task 1. Duration The IELTS Writing test takes 60 minutes. This vocabulary section aims to help you learn all the vocabularies, phrases and words you need to know and use in your Academic writing task 1 to achieve a higher band score. Below is a band score 9 sample answer for an IELTS bar chart in writing task 1. You will hear each recording ONCE only. This is not just another guide; it's the lon Step 4: Organise your essays into paragraphs. You can use a fairly personal style. In Academic Writing task 1 you're asked to describe a graph, chart or diagram. In the letter: – Explain that you have completed your studies. Spend 2-3 minutes preparing the format and content of the letter. 6 out of 514 reviews5 total hours92 lecturesAll LevelsCurrent price: $15. Try out these quizzes which give you fun practice or a chance to test your knowledge of the variety of language This section presents a list of common IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 - Map questions. Free online IELTS General Training Writing practice test - paper. Use paragraphs to organise your essay into clear parts. You may be shown one or more than one diagram. This role measures the capacity for the identification of the key attributes, data comparisons, or patterns. Questions: 1. IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 question types: A comprehensive guide. a complaint. Watch the video to learn essential tips for each paragraph for a high score bar chart. You can use the acronym “PEEL” when writing your essay: Point – introduce your topic or topic sentence. Oct 25, 2022 · Therefore, bring writing instruments into the test room, including a pen, pencil, and eraser. 99Original price: $74. You will need to write a report about one of these, but remember it is very different to writing task 2, it is not an ‘essay’ it is a factual report. In our previous article on how to score a band 7 and higher in Writing Task 1, we explained the importance of writing an overview. – Give details of the event, including time, date and dress code. 3) You should use a formal style of writing. Be aware of your word count when you have more than one task. e2 In Task 2 you will be asked to write an essay in response to a point of view, argument or problem. These words are very important, so underline or circle them. This includes thousands of universities, colleges or academic institutions who trust IELTS to…. One-third of the points are assigned to Task 1. Thông thường, tần suất cho ra đề với dạng bài Map này thường View some strategies on how to approach a task 1 like this. This lesson includes: 1) Understanding the marking criteria. It's important to have a look at these IELTS Writing Task 1. ac by mn pk ml vm qw rf yh yk